Interoperability Of Equipment Research Articles

Choice of Current and Voltage for North American Commuter Rail Electrifications

Engineers and planners today face challenges of assessing and adopting emerging propulsion technologies for commuter rail, particularly battery and hydrogen power. Early 20th century experiences with electrification technology may offer useful perspectives. When electrifying in the early 20th century, the most important decision facing North American commuter railroads was choosing electrical specifications—first between direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC), and then selecting a voltage. As a result, today’s electrified railroads present a sometimes-confusing array of specifications. Beneath the seeming disorder of specifications for legacy installations lies a logic based on the timing and circumstances of electrification, and on the ultimate size and purpose that railroads envisioned for these electrifications. Only low-voltage DC, delivered via third rail, was available for the earliest electrifications. By 1907, AC had entered the scene, and various overhead-wire DC specifications appeared between 1911 and 1930. Since the mid 20th century, 25,000 V AC at commercial frequency has become the default standard for new electrifications (and re-electrifications of older installations). Yet, even this standard has not been adopted for all reinforcements of overhead-wire electrifications, because of the historical overhang of earlier decisions. In situations where standardization of electrical specifications is not feasible, interoperability of equipment may be a more important priority.

Research on visual simulation for complex weapon equipment interoperability based on MBSE

AbstractAs military reforms continue to develop, the battlefield environment is becoming increasingly complex, and traditional single-service combat methods have evolved into integrated joint and collaborative information operations that break down service boundaries on land, sea, and air. The level of weapon system confrontation has also evolved into a system-to-system confrontation. Traditional document-based system architecture design methods can no longer address the complexity and emergent challenges of weapon system construction. In this paper, based on model-driven system engineering, an open, integrated, model-driven weapon equipment interaction system that supports human interaction was constructed using the SysML modeling language and Magicdraw modeling tool. The Unreal Engine 4 landscape building function was used to construct a virtual battlefield environment, and a communication server was developed using C# language to perform visual simulation of interoperability between weapon systems. Based on model-driven weapon equipment interoperability, visual simulation is used to ensure that the function of the weapon equipment system meets the requirements of combat and the combat effectiveness of the system is maximized.

En Route Critical Care Evacuations From Rarely Utilized Partner Medical Treatment Facilities: A Case Series With Lessons Learned.

Retaining lessons learned from Critical Care Air Transport (CCAT) missions is essential given the recent decrease in operational currency among CCAT personnel. The objective of this case series was to identify and analyze logistical lessons learned from recent critical care transports involving foreign medical treatment facilities with sufficient detail for the CCAT community to incorporate these lessons into future readiness and sustainment training. The provider from each mission submitted a mission narrative with lessons learned. A qualitative analysis of lessons learned described themes from the lessons, as well as similarities and differences from included missions. Three missions were reviewed and four distinct mission stages were identified: (1) pre-mission, (2) at U.S. aircraft, (3) away from U.S. aircraft, and (4) post-mission. Pre-mission lessons learned included the need for professional civilian attire for deployed CCAT teams and the limited availability of pre-mission clinical information. Lessons learned at the aircraft included the following: the need for flexible mission timelines, coordinate and pre-plan transitions with foreign medical teams when possible, and plan for difficult environmental conditions if flight line transfer is required. Lessons learned away from the aircraft included communication challenges between CCAT and the aircraft, contingency planning for narcotic transports, and equipment interoperability issues. Post-mission lessons learned included the need for written communication to disseminate information to the CCAT community. This case series described logistical challenges that present during transport missions involving foreign hospitals. This published series will enable dissemination to the en route care community for possible incorporation into future training.

Role of International Standard for Woody Biomass Solid Fuels towards SDGs

The seventh goal of the SDGs is affordable and clean energy. Woody biomass fuel such as firewood, wood chip, hog fuel and wood pellet is a one of the main clean renewable energy sources. The introduction of ISO standards for woody biomass fuels ensures interoperability of equipment and systems, promotes the transition to renewable energy sources, and opens up an innovation market that addresses global energy challenges. ISO standards for woody biomass fuels had been published as ISO 17225 and so on since 2014. Under such situations, Japan was reluctant to contribution for the ISO international standard of woody biomass fuels. This paper describes the outline of ISO standards, domestic status for its contribution, and future issues for standards of woody biomass solid fuels.

Compatibility in acoustic telemetry

Acoustic telemetry is widely used to investigate aquatic animal movement. Pulse position modulation (PPM) is an acoustic telemetry method that allows multiple unique identification codes to be transmitted at a single acoustic frequency, typically in the 69 kHz range. However, because the potential number of unique identification codes (i.e. tags) is ultimately limited by the number of pulses in the PPM signal, this poses a practical limitation. In addition, different manufacturers have developed different approaches to encoding the transmitted data, hampering compatibility across brands. A lack of broad compatibility across telemetry systems restricts users to a single manufacturer and operating system, reduces market competition and limits innovation. As the aquatic animal tracking research community organises towards networks of devices and data, incompatibility becomes more problematic and jeopardizes the unique scientific benefits offered by the networking approach. Here, we make a plea for collaboration among the manufacturers globally and propose a set of open protocols to ensure equipment interoperability as a medium-term solution.

Top 10 Research Priorities for U.S. Military En Route Combat Casualty Care.

Within the Military Health System, the process of transporting patients from an initial point of injury and throughout the entire continuum of care is called "en route care." A Committee on En Route Combat Casualty Care was established in 2016 as part of the DoD Joint Trauma System to create practice guidelines, recommend training standards, and identify research priorities within the military en route care system. Following an analysis of currently funded research, future capabilities, and findings from a comprehensive scoping study, members of a sub-working group for research identified the top research priorities that were needed to better guide evidence-based decisions for practice and policy, as well as the future state of en route care. Based on the input from the entire committee, 10 en route care research topics were rank-ordered in the following manner: (1) medical documentation, (2) clinical decision support, (3) patient monitoring, (4) transport physiology, (5) transfer of care, (6) maintaining normothermia, (7) transport timing following damage control resuscitation or surgery, (8) intelligent tasking, (9) commander's risk assessment, and (10) unmanned transport. Specific research questions and technological development needs were further developed by committee members in an effort to guide future research and development initiatives that can directly support operational en route care needs. The research priorities reflect three common themes, which include efforts to enhance or increase care provider capability and capacity; understand the impact of transportation on patient physiology; and increase the ability to coordinate, communicate, and facilitate patient movement. Technology needs for en route care must support interoperability of medical information, equipment, and supplies across the global military health system in addition to adjusting to a dynamic transport environment with the smallest possible weight, space, and power requirements. To ensure an evidence-based approach to future military conflicts and other medical challenges, focused research and technological development to address these 10 en route care research gaps are urgently needed.

ISO/IEEE 11073 Treadmill Interoperability Framework and its Test Method: Design and Implementation

BackgroundRegular physical activity is proven to help prevent and treat noncommunicable diseases such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and breast and colon cancer. The exercise data generated by health and fitness devices (eg, treadmill, exercise bike) are very important for health management service providers to develop personalized training programs. However, at present, there is little research on a unified interoperability framework in the health and fitness domain, and there are not many solutions; besides, the privatized treadmill data transmission scheme is not conducive to data integration and analysis.ObjectiveThis article will expand the IEEE 11073-PHD standard protocol family, develop standards for health and fitness device (using treadmill as an example) based on the latest version of the 11073-20601 optimized exchange protocol, and design protocol standards compliance testing process and inspection software, which can automatically detect whether the instantiated object of the treadmill meets the standard.MethodsThe study includes the following steps: (1) Map the data transmitted by the treadmill to the 11073-PHD objects; (2) Construct a programming language structure corresponding to the 11073-PHD application protocol data unit (APDU) to complete the coding and decoding part of the test software; and (3) Transmit the instantiated simulated treadmill data to the gateway test software through transmission control protocol for standard compliance testing.ResultsAccording to the characteristics of the treadmill, a data exchange framework conforming to 11073-PHD is constructed, and a corresponding testing framework is developed; a treadmill agent simulation is implemented, and the interoperability test is performed. Through the designed testing process, the corresponding testing software was developed to complete the standard compliance testing of the treadmill.ConclusionsThe extended research of IEEE 11073-PHD in the field of health and fitness provides a potential new idea for the data transmission framework of sports equipment such as treadmills, which may also provide some help for the development of sports health equipment interoperability standards.

Risk of multiple cross‐over of control characteristics in multi‐terminal HVDC

HVDC grids have been made practical with the introduction of the voltage source converter (VSC). The development of VSC technology has been, and continues to be rapid, with new converter topologies and new manufacturers entering the market. For the power transmission industry to fully exploit the benefits a ‘multi-vendor’ supply chain is considered essential. However, unlike AC grids, there is at present no standardised grid code for HVDC grids and interoperability of equipment and systems, purchased from many different and competing suppliers, is a major concern. Compatibility of control between converters supplied by different manufacturers has been considered by several groups such as CENELEC TC8X – WG6. The initial findings were that there was little reason to suggest that restrictions should be placed on which control strategy should be employed. However recent work uncovered an adverse interaction between converters with differing operating modes. This study illustrates how multiple operating points in the control characteristics could occur and show why such operation is undesirable and how it can be avoided by careful scheme design.

Test of rolling stock electromagnetic compatibility for cross‐domain interoperability

This study is part of a greater body of research on the electromagnetic compatibility in the railway environment throughout Europe. In particular, this study focuses on the broadcasting services as a victim area and identifies the electromagnetic interference threats in the railway environment. After the definition of the pantograph arcing as the worst-case scenario in terms of interference to these services, a test method was carried out in a controlled environment in order to examine the characteristics of these transient arcing events. It was found out that the power radiated is a broadband signal and the high levels of the radiated emissions require further investigation and examination, including addition to the railway standards that define the cross-domain interoperability of equipment, rolling stock and fixed installations in the railway environment.

Public Safety Communication and Networking Technologies for Disaster Response and Medical Assistance

Future major disasters require the development of socially transparent and rational -decision-making procedures. Recent reports indicate that the frequency of human disasters are decreasing while natural disasters and social disasters are becoming more frequent. The creation of a disaster communication network, which is essential in protecting the life and property as well as providing a sense of societal security. Standards for a modern disaster communication network must be developed at the national level, with national state support for a 3rd generation partnership project such as a Public Safety-LTE that allows the construction of an effective national disaster network plan. Compliance and certification standards to ensure interoperability of communications and other equipment are necessary for the creation of a modern national disaster network that allows more efficient management of disaster situations. It can be expected that our efforts and example can help other countries to build a standard protocol for managing the national disasters.

Benefit quantification of interoperability in coordinate metrology

One of the factors contributing to limited reproducibility of coordinate measurements is the use of different inspection software. Time-consuming efforts for translation of part programmes are sometimes needed, and interoperability of inspection equipment has the potential to reduce these inefficiencies. The paper presents a methodology for an economic evaluation of interoperability benefits with respect to the verification of geometrical product specifications. It requires input data from testing and inspection activities, as well as information on training of personnel and licensing of software. The model is illustrated using an automotive case study and the related assessment of an investment in interoperability.

Design and implementation of a measurement system for power station video and environment surveillance system

The unattended power stations are more and more popular in smart grids. But how to make the unattended power stations visual is a big problem. So the build of video and environment surveillance systems is an effective solution. But due to too many manufacturers the video and environment surveillance systems of power grids have been faced a huge number of problems, such as the issue of interconnection and interworking. In order to solve this problem, we designed a test system of video and environment surveillance system to test the consistency of device communication protocol to ensure interoperability of equipment. The test system is to simulate the real equipment of video and environment surveillance systems, so tests in the laboratory can replace that in the real operating environment.

The Multi-criterion Relay Technology of Power Distribution System Based on GOOSE

GOOSE network of intelligent substation provides the fast packet transmission channel for the substation automation system, each IED connected in the GOOSE network can choose as subscribers or publishers to receive or publish data in order to achieve the station information sharing and equipment interoperability. In this paper, a 10kV bus protection scheme is proposed by combining intelligent substation requirements and the technical characteristics of the GOOSE protocol. This scheme uses intelligent substation information sharing and it is an application of GOOSE technology. A single-phase ground protection scheme is also proposed. It’s based on the GOOSE technology. Fault information is in GOOSE message, so all the IEDs can share it through the bay layer network .At last, this paper proposes the execution scheme for upgrading the traditional protection. DOI:  http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i12.3742

TU‐A‐134‐01: Imaging Informatics 1: Informatics for the Clinical Imaging Physicist: Buying and Testing Equipment for Interoperability

1. Buying Imaging Equipment for Interoperability and Compliance: Beyond DICOM2. Informatics for the Acceptance Testing of Imaging EquipmentFor patient service, safety and regulatory compliance, the quality control of image and image information needs to extend beyond the scanner console to encompass the entire imaging chain. Imaging physicists are often the ultimate quality control professionals and technology experts that are responsible for equipment selection and testing. To aid in these tasks, this session is designed to provide the clinical physicist with practical awareness and tools for equipment selection and acceptance testing that promotes interoperability throughout the imaging chain, protecting image and information quality for smooth clinical operation and patient safety.Whether the physicist is ultimately responsible for delivering a quality and compliant system or is a part of the process, they need to understand data flow and interoperability in the imaging chain. This involves a basic understanding of the system and stakeholders that determine and interact with the imaging chain. Once an imaging chain (or web in some cases) is understood, physicists can benefit from understanding the standards and interoperability profiles that can help in assessing equipment interoperability throughout that chain.This session will highlight areas where expectations and current reality for interoperability in an imaging practice may not align. It will cover specific examples of common issues that still plague interoperability two decades after the introduction of DICOM 3.0. We' ll discuss relevant questions to ask of vendors when purchasing equipment from a compliance and interoperability standpoint. The second part of the session will cover strategies and suggestions for ensuring a fully‐functioning imaging system: what aspects related to interoperability might cause problems and what should be assessed with acceptance testing in order to ensure clinical functionality and patient safety?Learning Objectives:1. Understand the importance of assessing and testing interoperability for the entire imaging chain when considering or deploying new imaging equipment.2. Be able to assess the relevant pieces that encompass their clinical imaging chain and the stakeholders involved in configuring, maintaining and using the system.3. Be aware of common issues with clinical interoperability of imaging equipment4. Know how to develop, find and use tools for assessing the potential for interoperability prior to purchase and testing after installation.

철도차량 통신 네트워크(TCN)에서의 WTB 이중화에 대한 프로토콜 분석 플랫폼

TCN(train communication network) standard was approved in 1999 by the IEC (IEC 61375-1) and IEEE (IEEE 1473-T) organizations to warrant a reliable train and equipment interoperability. TCN defines the set of communication vehicle buses and train buses. The MVB(multifunction vehicle bus) defines the data communication interface of equipment located in a vehicle and the WTB(wire train bus) defines the data communication interface between vehicles. The WTB and each MVB will be connected over a node acting as gateway. Also, to support applications demanding a high reliability, the standard defines a redundancy scheme in which the bus may be double-line and redundant-node implemented. In this paper we have presented protocol analysis platform for the WTB redundancy which is part of TCN system, to verify communication state of high-speed trains. As a confirmation of its validity, the technology described in this paper has been successfully applied to state monitoring and protocol verification of redundancy WTB based on TCN.

Procuring the Anomaly Packets and Accountability Detection in the Network

It is software that will be used to find the anomaly packets in Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) devices, such as soft phones and VoIP gateways to the Session Initiation Protocol specifications, and to test the compliance and interoperability of VoIP equipment produced by manufacturers. Network traffic is often different from benign traffic in ways that can be distinguished without knowing the nature of the attack. We describe a two stage anomaly detection system for identifying suspicious traffic. First, we filter traffic to pass only the packets of most interest, e.g. the first few packets of incoming server requests. Second, we model the most common protocols (IP, TCP, telnet, FTP, SMTP, HTTP) at the packet byte level to flag events (byte values) that have not been observed for a long time. Different software's are available on the market to conduct a compliance and interoperability validation phase. However, they often have features limited to packet capturing and decoding, or they are simulation tools that often require a complex developing phase to define the behavior of each test. The proposed tool, instead, can be inserted into an Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) network and is capable of observing and finding, in an automatic way. It executes in three phases. 1. SIP messages flowing in the network are captured. 2. In charge of grouping SIP messages into transactions and dialog. 3. Operates by comparing the message flow with a set of predefined rules. These Rules are classified into two groups. 1. Static Rules have been obtained by the direct analysis of SIP specifications. 2. Dynamic Rules have been obtained by experience with SIP compliance and interoperability testing. If some rules failed during verification, an output is reported by indicating the rule that failed and a list of possible fault causes.

The IEEE 1904.1 standard: SIEPON architecture and model

In a short time, IEEE EPON has progressed from initial trials to a market-leading optical access technology that supports business and residential services, including IPTV, VoIP, commercial- grade data services, and cellular backhaul. Due to EPON's simplicity and flexibility, various standards development organizations have embarked on standardization projects aimed at integrating EPON with existing network architectures. Also, several network operators have developed EPON solutions that address their specific deployment environments or relevant regulations. The IEEE P1904.1 SIEPON project is creating an open international system-level specification that provides for multivendor interoperability of EPON equipment while accommodating the rich and varied nature of the existing deployments and standards. The development of a unified EPON data path architecture is one of the key achievements of the SIEPON project. This flexible architecture supports multiple service models, multiple provisioning and management concepts, and diversity of deployment environments and regulatory requirements.

Performance Characteristics of an Operational WiMAX Network

The term WiMAX is used to refer to a collection of standards, products, and service offerings derived from the IEEE 802.16 family of standards for wireless networks. These standards define physical and MAC layer elements that ensure interoperability of compatible equipment. However, the standards leave both the details of the packet scheduling algorithms and the values of performance related configuration parameters to the discretion of the equipment vendor or network operator. These algorithms and parameters ultimately determine fundamental performance characteristics such as round-trip latency and sustainable throughput on the network. In this paper, we examine performance characteristics of an operational WiMAX testbed upon which we were able to conduct controlled experiments in the absence of competing traffic. We characterize latency, throughput, protocol overhead, and the impact of WiMAX on TCP dynamics. We show that scheduling policies and parameter values impact actual performance in ways that are not possible to characterize in generic studies of WiMAX.

New JPEG 2000 Profiles for Broadcast Contribution

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) jointly with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) recently added new profiles for broadcast video contribution and distribution to the JPEG 2000 standard with the publishing of ISO/IEC 15444–1:2004 Amd.3:2010 and Rec. ITU-T T.800 (2002)/Amd.3 (06/2010), an amendment to JPEG 2000 core coding system. This amendment represents a major step toward a transport system for studio contribution allowing JPEG 2000 equipment from different manufacturers to interoperate. The process relies on both existing standards and new amendments from two international standard organizations (ISO) with its working groups JPEG, MPEG, and SMPTE and was developed in cooperation with studios, broadcasters, and equipment vendors. The new amendment specifies three new profiles containing a selection of encoding parameters and newly defines rate limits over seven operating levels for video encoded with JPEG 2000. The profiles and operating levels create a basis for compliance test points to ensure equipment interoperability.

Standards: a maturing technical activity connecting COMSOC with industry [The President's Page

Developing and establishing standards is crucial to a modern world community aspiring to take advantage of technological advancements. In particular, communications and networking standards enable equipment interoperability, reduce the cost, and thereby favorably impact the bottom line for service providers. Those savings can then be passed on to end users and make communications affordable to mass commercial and consumer markets. Concomitantly, global industry has also come to expect from IEEE the best possible communications and networking standards. For these technological areas, the bedrock of IEEE expertise lies with the Communications Society (ComSoc) and its technical committees (TCs).